Resumo A cobertura das terapias de substituição renal (TSR) no Ministério da Saúde do Peru é pobre, com distribuição desigual de TSR em nível nacional, e é possível que até 50% da população não tenha acesso a algum tipo de TSR. É preciso uma abordagem multissetorial para resolver este problema que não é consistente com a melhoria econômica do país.

Abstract Coverage of renal replacement therapies (RRT) in Peruvian Ministry of Health is poor. There is an unequal distribution of TRR in the country, and is possible that up to 50% of the population does not have access to any kind of TRR. A multi-institutional approach to address this problem is necessary as it has been in consistent with the economic improvement of the country.

ResumoIntrodução:No Peru, existem diferentes locais e currículos de ensino para a formação de especialistas em Nefrologia.Objetivo:Avaliar a percepção dos médicos que frequentam esse tipo de formação.Métodos:Análise descritivo-transversal sobre médicos que estavam nos últimos dois anos de formação em Nefrologia em fevereiro de 2012 e os que se formaram nos anos 2010 e 2011, em nível nacional. Utilizou-se um questionário autoaplicável desenvolvido com base em normas internacionais, juntamente com a Sociedade Peruana de Nefrologia. Este questionário explorou as seguintes áreas: ensino, treinamento clínico, procedimentos, rotações externas, pesquisa e percepção global.Resultados:Foram obtidas 40 respostas de um total de 49 médicos. 82,5% tinham tutores, 22,5% deles disseram que o apoio destes era deficiente. 27,5% descreveram a sua formação teórica como deficiente. A formação prática, é percebida como aceitável, no entanto sugerem melhoras na formação em diálise peritoneal, transplante renal e análise de biópsias. Um 90% tem rotações externas nacionais e 65% relataram ter uma rotação internacional. Quando se avaliou seu desempenho na área de pesquisas, 77,5% o considerou deficiente. Além disso, 82,5% acreditam que a residência deve durar quatro anos. No entanto, 60% informaram que sua residência é boa. Existe uma diminuição da percepção positiva dos aspectos estudados entre os residentes com relação aos graduados.Conclusão:A formação geral na especialização em Nefrologia é considerada boa para os residentes; no entanto, a área de tutoria, as atividades acadêmicas e de pesquisa são deficientes.

AbstractIntroduction:In Peru there are different hospitals and university programs for training of specialists in nephrology.Objective:To assess the perception of physicians who attend such programs.Methods:We carried out a descriptive cross-sectional national-level study in physicians who were in the last two years of nephrology training during February 2012 and who had graduated from it in 2010 and 2011. A self-applied questionnaire was developed along with the Peruvian Society of Nephrology based on international standards. The questionnaire evaluated: mentoring, clinical training, procedures, external rotations, research and global perception.Results:Forty doctors were surveyed nationwide. 82.5% had tutors, 22.5% of them said their support was poor. A 27.5% described their theoretical formation as deficient. The practical training was perceived as acceptable globally; however, improvements in training on peritoneal dialysis and reading kidney transplant biopsies are necessary. A 90% have national external rotations and 65% reported to have an international rotation. In the assessment of research, 77.5% thought this is deficient. In addition, 82.5% believed that residency should last four years. However, 60% reported that their residency training was good. There is a decrease in the positive perception of the aspects studied among residents regarding graduates.Conclusion:The overall perception of nephrology residency training was considered good; however, areas of tutoring, and academic and research activities on average were deficient.

Resumo Introdução: O Ministério da Saúde do Peru não tem um programa nacional de hemodiálise e os hospitais que oferecem este tipo de tratamento apresentam problemas de cobertura que podem resultar em aumento da mortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a mortalidade da população incidente em hemodiálise em um hospital de Lima. Métodos: Análise da população acima de 18 anos que iniciou o tratamento entre 1 de janeiro de 2012 e 31 de dezembro de 2013, com data de corte final do acompanhamento em 31 de março de 2014. Foi realizada regressão logística bivariada e multivariada dos fatores associados com a mortalidade e usadas as curvas de Kaplan-Meier para determinar a probabilidade de sobrevivência durante o acompanhamento. Resultados: Foram incluídos 235 pacientes para estudo, com idade média de 56,4 ± 15,8 anos. A mediana de acompanhamento foi 0,6 anos (IQR 0,3 a 1,5). A pesquisa mostra que 50% dos pacientes abandonaram o tratamento durante o estudo por falta de vagas ou recursos econômicos. No final do terceiro mês, a mortalidade foi 37,7% (IC 95% 29,3 a 48,5) e 49,5% (IC 95% 38,8 a 61,4) ao sétimo mês. A mortalidade foi menor quando o paciente tinha mais de seis meses com diagnóstico de doença insuficiência renal crônica (OR = 0,39 [IC 95% 0,12-1,27]) e quando o paciente ingressava à diálise programada (OR = 0,28 [IC 95% 0,01 a 2,28]). Conclusão: Metade dos pacientes foi a óbito no sétimo mês de seguimento. Ter ingressado com diálise programada e ter mais tempo de diagnóstico foi associado à menor mortalidade.

Abstract Introduction: The Peruvian Ministry of Health does not have a national program of hemodialysis and hospitals that offer it have coverage problems, which may result in increased mortality. Objective: We evaluated mortality of a population with incident hemodialysis in a Peruvian public hospital as well as its associated factors. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study of a population over 18 years-old who started treatment between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2013 with the final follow-up day on31 March 2014. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models to evaluate factors associated with mortality and Kaplan Meier curves were used to determine the probability of survival. Results: We included 235 patients with a mean age of 56.4 ± 15.8 years. Median follow-up was 0.6 years (IQR 0.3 to 1.5). 50% of years withdrew from therapy during the study for lack of financial resources or space available. The third month mortality was 37.7% (95% CI 4.7 to 48.5) and 49.5% (95% CI 5.8 to 61.4) at 7 months. There was a trend towards lower mortality when patients had more than 6 months with a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR = 0.39 [95% CI 0.12 to 1.27]) and when the patient was admitted with scheduled dialysis (OR = 0.28 [95% CI 0.01 to 2.28]). Conclusion: Half of patients died within seven months of follow-up. Scheduled dialysis and having longer time with CKD diagnosis tend to be associated with lower mortality

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic renal disease; early referral to the nephrologist is recommended as the outcome is worse in patients with late referral. Objectives: To determine clinical characteristics of diabetic patients upon their first nephrologic consultation. Design: Multicenter, observational and analytical study. Setting: Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrion and Hospital Maria Auxiliadora. Participants: Diabetic patients. Interventions: Diabetic patients were studied between September 2011 and February 2012. Percentages were used to describe frequencies and standard deviations. Main outcome measures: Clinical characteristics of diabetes patients. Results: From 200 diabetic patients with 12.9 years mean time to diagnosis 73% had received education for self-care, 40% reported not taking their medications and 57% did not follow a regular diet; 70% were hypertensive with 4.2 years average from time of diagnosis, 36.5% were obese, 52.8% had dyslipidemia; 10.5% had a history of cardiovascular disease, and 81.5% reported no prior assessment of renal function; 39.5% had glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) >7%, 48.5% cholesterol >200 mg/dL, 54.5% LDLc >100 mg/dL, and 46.5% triglycerides >150 mg/ dL. Fifty seven per cent had a glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min, and 37% albuminuria 300 mg/d or more. Conclusions: Almost half of all patients did not follow self-care recommendations. Due to substantial cardiovascular risk factors involved, education of this group should be strengthened.

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es la principal causa de enfermedad renal crónica y se recomienda una referencia temprana al nefrólogo, ya que se ha reportado peores resultados en pacientes con referencia tardía. Objetivos: Determinar las características de los pacientes diabéticos en su primera consulta nefrológica. Diseño: Estudio multicéntrico, observacional y analítico. Lugar: Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión y Hospital María Auxiliadora. Participantes: Pacientes diabéticos. Intervenciones: Se estudió a los pacientes en su primera consulta nefrológica entre septiembre 2011 y febrero 2012. Para la descripción se utilizó porcentajes, frecuencias y desviaciones estándar. Principales medidas de resultados: Características clínicas de los pacientes diabéticos. Resultados: Se estudió 200 pacientes diabéticos, con tiempo de diagnóstico promedio de 12,9 años. El 73% recibió educación para autocuidados. El 40% refería que no tomaba sus medicamentos y 57% no seguía su dieta regularmente. El 70% era hipertenso con tiempo de diagnóstico promedio de 4,2 años; 36,5% era obeso, 52,8% sufría de dislipidemia, 10,5% tenía antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular. El 81,5% refería no haber tenido una evaluación previa de la función renal. El 39,5% tenía hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) >7%, 48,5% colesterol >200 mg/dL, 54,5% cLDL>100 mg/dL y 46,5% triglicéridos >150 mg/dL; 57% un tiempo de filtración glomerular<60 mL/min y 37% presentó albuminuria de 300 mg/d o más. Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de los pacientes no seguía las recomendaciones de autocuidados. Debido a los factores de riesgo cardiovascular involucrados en este grupo, se debería reforzar su educación.

Introduction: Acute kidney injury on dialysis has high mortality in hospitalized patients especially in ICU and there are no updated studies in our country. Objectives: To describe characteristics of acute kidney injured patients on dialysis at a general hospital. Design: Descriptive single center observational study. Setting: Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru. Patients: Acute kidney injured (AKI) patients on dialysis. Interventions: We studied patients with AKI on dialysis from January to December, 2012. We described averages, percentages, standard deviations. Main outcome measures: Clinical characteristics of patients with AKI on dialysis. Results: Forty-three acute kidney injured cases on dialysis were reported. Average age was 58.5 years (SD: 16.6), 28 were male, 20 patients (46.5%) were from ICU. The main cause of dialysis admission was oligoanuria (60.5%) followed by uremic encephalopathy (46.5%) and metabolic acidosis (30.2%); 39.5% patients died; 45% of patients in ICU died. At hospital discharge 9.3% of the patients continued on dialysis. Conclusions: In the population studied 4 of 10 patients with acute kidney injury on dialysis died and 1 of 10 patients continued on dialysis after hospital discharge.

Introducción: La injuria renal aguda en diálisis es una patología de alta mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados, especialmente en UCI, y sin estudios actualizados en nuestro medio. Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes con insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) en diálisis de un hospital general. Diseño: Estudio observacional descriptivo unicéntrico. Lugar: Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Pacientes con IRA en diálisis. Intervenciones: Se estudió a pacientes con IRA en diálisis hospitalizados entre enero y diciembre 2012. Para describir los hallazgos se utilizó promedios, desviaciones estándar y porcentajes. Principales medidas de resultados: Características clínicas de los pacientes con IRA en diálisis. Resultados: Se halló 43 casos de IRA en diálisis, con una edad promedio de 58,5 años (DE: 16,6), de los cuales 28 fueron varones; 20 pacientes (46,5%) provenían de la UCI. La primera causa de ingreso a diálisis fue oligoanuria (60,5%) seguida de encefalopatía urémica (46,5%) y acidosis metabólica (30,2%). El 39,5% de todos los pacientes falleció; 45% de los pacientes que se encontraban en UCI fallecieron. Al alta, 9,3% de los pacientes continuó en diálisis. Conclusiones: En la población estudiada, 4 de cada 10 pacientes con IRA en diálisis fallecieron y 1 de cada 10 pacientes continuaba en diálisis al alta de hospitalización, en el Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo.

Introduction: Dialysis patients have chronic complications that impair their quality of life, such as eye involvement caused by chronic kidney disease (CKD) comorbidities, or because of specific CKD effects. This paper aims to describe funduscopy, visual acuity and intraocular pressure findings in a population undergoing chronic conventional dialysis. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive and observational crosssectional study performed in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis in the Nephrology Service of 2 de Mayo National Hospital in Lima - Peru. Results: Thirty-one patients were studied, their average age was 62.67 ± 12.46 years, 45.16% were male, 87.1% had hypertension, and 45.16% had diabetes mellitus 45.16%. The most common ocular symptoms were blurred vision (67.74%), tearing (38.71%), pruritus (25.81%), burning sensation in the eyes (16.13%) and asthenopia (6.41%). The average intraocular pressure was 14.5 ± 5.28 mm Hg in the right eye and 14.23 ± 4.78 mm Hg in the left eye. When visual acuity was examined, we found that 6.07% of patients were blind, and poor vision was found in 39.39% of patients. Most frequent external findings were corneal and conjunctival infiltrates (41.94%), tear film alterations (35.48%), and hyperpigmentation (35.48%). Most frequent refraction defects found were hyperopia and astigmatism (80.77%). Most common well-defined ophthalmological conditions were non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (37.93%) and age-related macular degeneration (24.14%). A bivariate analysis performed relating symptoms and final ophthalmologic diagnoses, we found that patients with blurred vision developed hypertensive retinopathy less frequently (p = 0.002) and the absence of tearing was also associated with fewer cases of hypertensive retinopathy (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Abnormal ophthalmological findings are frequently found in persons undergoing hemodialysis, and only few patients have normal visual acuity preserved. Eye examination should be routinely performed in this population.

Introducción: Los pacientes en diálisis tienen complicaciones crónicas que alteran su calidad de vida, como las oftalmológicas, producidas por comorbilidades de la ERC, o por efectos propios de la misma. Nuestro estudio pretendió describir los hallazgos oculares en una población en diálisis crónica convencional en los aspectos de fondo de ojo, agudeza visual y presión intraocular. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal entre los pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica en el Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo de Lima - Perú. Resultados: Se estudiaron 31 pacientes cuya edad promedio fue 62.67±12.46 años; el 45.16% fueron varones. El 87.1% tenía HTA y el 45.16% Diabetes Mellitus. Los síntomas oculares más frecuentes fueron: Visión borrosa (67.74%), lagrimeo (38.71%), prurito (25.81%), ardor ocular (16.13%) y astenopia (6.41%). La presión intraocular promedio fue 14.5±5.28 mm Hg en el ojo derecho, y 14.23±4.78 mmHg en el ojo izquierdo. En el examen de agudeza visual se encontró ceguera en el 6.07% de los pacientes y baja visión en 39.39% de pacientes. Los hallazgos externos más frecuentes fueron: Depósitos córneo conjuntivales (41.94%), alteración en la película lagrimal (35.48%) e hiperpigmentación (35.48%).La alteración de refracción más frecuente fue hipermetropía y astigmatismo (80.77%). Las enfermedades oftalmológicas con diagnóstico definido más frecuentes fueron: Retinopatía diabética no proliferativa (37.93%) y degeneración macular relacionada con la edad (24.14%). En el análisis bivariado, entre los síntomas y el diagnóstico oftalmológico final, se encontró que los pacientes con visión borrosa presentaban menos retinopatía hipertensiva (p=0.002); y la ausencia de lagrimeo se asoció con menos retinopatía hipertensiva (p=0.03). Conclusión: Los hallazgos oftalmológicos anormales son frecuentes en nuestra población en diálisis crónica, siendo pocos los pacientes con agudeza visual normal. La evaluación ocular debería ser rutinaria en esta población.

Introduction: The Health Ministry attends Peruvian population without social security and without a national dialysis program. Attention is limited to a few hospitals with dialysis centers. objectives: To determine mortality in the first hospitalization for dialysis in a population without social security. design: Descriptive study. Setting: Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru. Patients: Patients with chronic renal disease. Interventions: We studied patients who started dialysis from January to December, 2012. We described averages, percentages, standard deviations. Main outcome measures: Clinical characteristics of patients starting dialysis. results: In 105 patients studied mean age was 55.5 years, 62.9% were men. Most common etiology was not determined (39.1%) followed by diabetic nephropathy (31.4%); 71.7% were not previously attended at our hospital; 46.7% knew their diagnosis of chronic kidney disease, 75.2% learned he required dialysis during hospitalization; 80% had no previous nephrology evaluation, 89% was admitted by emergency, with a mean hospital stay of 16 days. Transient central venous catheter was the most used vascular access (96.2%). Main indications for dialysis were uremic encephalopathy (59.1%) and severe metabolic acidosis (39.1%); 23.3% died during their first hospitalization. Conclusions: Patients’ pre dialysis control was poor. About a quarter of them died during their first hospitalization.

Introducción: El Ministerio de Salud del Perú atiende a población que no cuenta con seguro social y carece de un programa nacional de diálisis, por lo que la atención es limitada a hospitales que cuentan con centros de diálisis. Objetivos: Determinar la mortalidad en la primera hospitalización de pacientes incidentes de diálisis en una población sin seguro social. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo. Lugar: Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica. Intervenciones: Se estudió a los pacientes que iniciaron diálisis desde enero hasta diciembre del 2012. Para describir se utilizó promedios, porcentajes, desviaciones estándar. Principales medidas de resultados: Características clínicas de los pacientes que iniciaron diálisis. Resultados: Se estudió 105 pacientes con edad promedio de 55,5 años; el 62,9% fue hombre. La etiología más frecuente fue la etiología no filiada (39,1%), seguido de la nefropatía diabética (31,4%). El 71,7% no se atendió previamente en este hospital. El 46,7% conoció su diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica durante su hospitalización y 75,2% supo que requería diálisis durante su hospitalización. El 80% no había tenido evaluación nefrológica previa, 89% ingresó por emergencia, con una estancia hospitalaria promedio de 16 días. El catéter venoso central transitorio fue el acceso vascular más usado (96,2%). Las principales indicaciones de diálisis fueron: encefalopatía urémica (59,1%) y acidosis metabólica severa (39,1%). El 23,3% falleció durante su primera hospitalización. Conclusiones: El control prediálisis de los pacientes es deficiente. Cerca de un cuarto de ellos muere durante su primera hospitalización.

Objective: To assess the development of acute renal failure in patients undergoing elective surgery for benign prostate hypertrophy. Material y Method: The study was performed in patients from the Urology Service in 2 de Mayo National Hospital from September 22011 to February 2012. The AKIN definition was used for acute renal failure and data was collected from clinical records. The description used means, standard deviations, percentages, and rates. In order to find an association between the occurrences of acute renal failure categorical variables, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression tests were used. Results: One hundred and twenty three patients were assessed; their average age was 69,29 ± 8,27 years. Hypertension was reported in 23,58% and diabetes mellitus was found in 8,94%. Urinary outlet obstruction was found in 4,07%. Their average weight was 66,94 ± 14,2 Kg, hemoglobin concentration was 13,58 ± 1,7 g/dL, mean creatinine value prior to surgery was 0,93 ± 0,58 mg/dL, and their glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated using the MDRD formula was 99,16 ± 30,88 mL/min. GFR values below 60 mL/min prior to surgery were found in 3,25% of patients. When creatinina levels were used for diagnosis, 1,63 % of patients had a diagnosis of acute renal failure, and the figure climbed to 6,5% when urinary output was used for defining this condition. Consequently, 8,13% of all patients had acute renal failure, all of them were stage 1. No fatalities were reported in patients with acute renal failure, and there was no association between the occurrence of acute renal failure and the categorical variables assessed. Conclusions: Post surgery acute renal failure was found in 8,13% of patients undergoing elective surgery for benign prostate hypertrophy, and there was no increase of in-hospital mortality in these subjects

Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) en pacientes postoperados con cirugías electivas por hipertrofia benigna de próstata (HBP) Material y Método: Se evaluaron pacientes del servicio de urología del Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo durante los meses de Septiembre 2011 a Febrero del 2012. Se utilizó la definición Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) para IRA y se tomaron datos de la historia clínica. Para describir se utilizaron promedios, desviaciones estándar, porcentajes y frecuencias. Para buscar asociación entre la presencia de IRA y las variables categóricas se utilizó la prueba de regresión logística bivariada y multivariada. Resultados: Se evaluaron 123 pacientes; la edad promedio fue 69,29 ± 8,27 años. El 23,58% tenía antecedente de HTA y el 8,94% de diabetes mellitus. El 4,07% tenía uropatía obstructiva. El peso promedio fue 66,94 ± 14,2 Kg, la hemoglobina promedio fue 13,58 ± 1,7 /dl, la creatinina promedio previa a la cirugía fue 0,93 ± 0,58mg/dl, con tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) promedio calculada mediante la fórmula MDRD de 99,16 ± 30,88ml/min. El 3,25% tenía una TFG < 60 mil/min antes de la cirugía. El 1,63 % de los pacientes cursó con diagnóstico de IRA cuando se utilizó la creatinina para el diagnóstico y fue el 6,5% cuando se utilizó el flujo urinario como criterio. Siendo un total de 8,13% casos; todos en estadio 1. No hubo mortalidad entre los pacientes con IRA. No se encontró asociación entre la presencia de IRA y las variables categóricas estudiadas. Conclusiones: El 8,13% de los pacientes cursó con IRA posquirúrgica en cirugías electivas de HBP y no se evidenció aumento de mortalidad hospitalaria entre los casos